Lung Cancer Awareness Month 2023: Know Causes, Symptoms And Treatment

Dr. Tushar Patil, who is a Senior Consultant-Medical Oncologist, at Sahyadri Super Speciality Hospital, Deccan Gymkhana, Pune said, “Uncontrollably multiplying aberrant cells in the lungs lead to the very serious medical disease known as lung cancer. One’s health is seriously threatened by this sneaky illness, which, if neglected, can have grave repercussions, including fatalities.”

“Frequent signs of lung cancer include chronic symptoms such as a chronic cough, continuous chest discomfort, and significant dyspnoea. These symptoms shouldn’t be ignored as they might indicate the existence of this harmful illness. It is crucial that you get medical attention right once if you or someone you know has these symptoms,” he added.

Lung cancer presents itself in several distinct forms, each with its own characteristics and implications for treatment. Understanding these types can be crucial in guiding the course of action. The two primary categories of lung cancer are:

• Small Cell Lung Cancer: This category is further subdivided into “Small Cell Carcinoma” and “Combined Small Cell Carcinoma.” Small Cell Carcinoma is often colloquially referred to as “Oat Cell Cancer” due to the small size and appearance of the cancer cells.
• Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: This broad classification encompasses three major subtypes: “Adenocarcinoma,” “Squamous Cell Carcinoma,” and “Large Cell Carcinoma.” Each of these subtypes has distinct characteristics and may necessitate different treatment approaches.

Risk Factors Of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a complex disease influenced by a variety of risk factors, both modifiable and non-modifiable. Understanding these risk factors can help individuals take preventive measures and make informed decisions about their health. Dr.Sharat Chandra Reddy, who is a Radiation Oncologist, CARE Cancer Institute, at CARE Hospitals, Hyderabad said that the primary risk factors for lung cancer include:

• Smoking: Smoking tobacco is the leading cause of lung cancer. Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoke contains carcinogens that damage lung cells and DNA, leading to cancer development. The risk is directly related to the duration and intensity of smoking.

• Secondhand Smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke, also known as passive smoking, can increase the risk of lung cancer, particularly in nonsmokers. Breathing in the smoke exhaled by others or coming from burning tobacco products can be harmful.

• Occupational Exposures: Exposure to carcinogens in the workplace, such as asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, and some organic chemicals, can increase the risk of lung cancer, particularly in industries like construction, mining, and manufacturing.

• Air Pollution: Prolonged exposure to high levels of outdoor air pollution, especially in areas with poor air quality, has been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.

• Radon Gas: Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can seep into homes through the ground. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of radon is a significant risk factor for lung cancer.

• Family History: Individuals with a family history of lung cancer may have a slightly higher risk, as there may be a genetic predisposition to the disease. However, the role of genetics in lung cancer is not as well-defined as it is in some other cancers.

• Previous Lung Diseases: Certain lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary fibrosis, can increase the risk of lung cancer.

• Personal History of Lung Cancer: Survivors of lung cancer are at a higher risk of developing a second primary lung cancer.

• Personal and Lifestyle Factors: Other factors that can influence lung cancer risk include a history of previous cancer, a weakened immune system, and dietary factors. A diet high in fruits and vegetables may have a protective effect, while diets high in processed and red meats may increase risk.

• Gender and Age: Lung cancer is more common in older individuals, and historically, it has been more common in men than women. However, the gap in lung cancer rates between men and women has been narrowing.

• Genetics and Molecular Factors: Recent research has identified specific genetic mutations and molecular factors that can increase the risk of lung cancer in certain individuals.

Diagnosis Of Lung Cancer:

Lung cancer is a significant health problem, often caused by long-term exposure to tobacco smoke, both through active smoking and secondhand smoke. However, it is essential to acknowledge that non-smokers can also develop lung cancer due to environmental factors such as air pollution and occupational hazards. The increasing prevalence of lung cancer highlights the urgent need for effective diagnostic measures.

Dr. Vinay Bhatia who is the Head Molecular Biology & Genomics at Oncquest Laboratories Ltd. said, “The diagnosis of lung cancer is a critical and complex process that requires thorough evaluation and accurate testing. With the rising reports of lung cancer globally, healthcare organisations are focused on improving diagnostic capabilities to ensure early detection and timely treatment.”

“Diagnosing lung cancer involves a comprehensive approach that includes a medical history assessment, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. Advanced imaging techniques like chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are crucial in identifying abnormalities and tumours within the lungs. These tests provide detailed insights into the size, location, and potential spread of the cancer, aiding in treatment planning,” he added.

Dr. R K Choudhary who is the Director & Head – Medical Oncology, Haemato Oncology & BMT, at Metro Hospital Noida said, “Lung cancer treatment has taken a paradigm shift with the availability of cancer precision medicine. It uses genomic and other molecular informations to tailor the cancer treatment for each individual. Largely lung cancer treatment is based on the type, stage, and overall health of the patient.”

 

He also said that there are primarily three main treatment modalities for lung cancer and went on to name the following:

• Genomics Revolutionises Lung Cancer Treatment

Dr Kunjal Patel, who is a Molecular Oncopathologist, at Neuberg Centre for Genomic Centre said, “Lung cancer is a formidable adversary, responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other cancer. Traditional treatment approaches, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have long been the primary weapons in the battle against this disease. However, in recent years, the field of genomics has emerged as a game-changer in the quest to improve lung cancer treatment. By deciphering the genetic code of lung cancer, scientists and healthcare professionals have gained invaluable insights into the disease’s mechanisms, allowing for more precise and personalized treatment strategies.”

“One of the most significant breakthroughs in the field of genomics and lung cancer treatment is the identification of specific genetic mutations that drive the development and progression of the disease. By understanding the genetic mutations that underlie lung cancer, doctors can tailor treatment plans to target these specific abnormalities. For instance, the discovery of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations has led to the development of targeted therapies like gefitinib and erlotinib, which have shown remarkable effectiveness in treating lung cancer patients with these mutations. Many other biomarkers like ALK, ROS1, MET exon skipping etc. play vital role in tailored treatment,” he added.

The integration of genomics into lung cancer treatment is revolutionizing how we approach this deadly disease. By unraveling the genetic intricacies of lung cancer, doctors can create personalized treatment plans, target specific genetic mutations, and monitor disease progression with greater precision. 

Prevention Of Lung Cancer:

Dr. Sreenivass B J, who is a Medical Oncologist and Blood Cancer Specialist, at HCG Cancer Hospital, Bangalore said, “In India, where tobacco consumption is a significant risk factor for lung cancer, tobacco control measures are paramount. Education and awareness campaigns about the hazards of smoking and benefits of quitting are essential. Additionally, promoting clean air and reducing exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution can help prevent lung cancer.

“Lung cancer in non-smoker is also a concern. Radon exposure and occupational carcinogens are contributors. Occupational safety measures and better ventilation in homes and workplaces can make a difference,” he added.

[Disclaimer: The information provided in the article, including treatment suggestions shared by doctors, is intended for general informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.]